Sociology of Religion · Field Study
What changed in Gerede in fifteen years?
In 2019, 555 people in the district of Gerede were surveyed about their religious lives. Their answers were set against a study run in the same town fifteen years earlier. The result is neither collapse nor stasis: belief itself barely moved, but the certainty behind it did.
At a glance
Four findings
The four of the thesis’s 76 tables that most deserve to be talked about. Each is opened up in detail below.
−13points
The share held, the certainty did not
Belief in destiny is accepted by 93.4% — much as it was fifteen years ago. But those answering “strongly agree” fell 13 points, giving way to “agree”.
Worship tied to means
+23 / +19
What money can do rose
−18
Fasting
drop among those who always keep it
Social life
think money has become the most important value
Part 1
First, the place: where is Gerede?
A district of Bolu on the Istanbul–Ankara highway, known for its leather industry. Before reading the findings, one thing matters: in fifteen years the town both shrank and urbanised.
Population moved from villages into the town
In 2000, 39% of the population lived in villages; by 2016 that had fallen to 28%. Total population dropped from 41,391 to 33,455 while the urban share rose from 61% to 72%. This is the process the thesis calls "apartmentisation".
The young left, the middle-aged returned
The 15–24 age group fell from 6,130 to 4,080 while those over 45 rose markedly. The thesis explains this as migrants returning home as they age.
- 0- 4
- 5-14
- 15-24
- 25-34
- 35-44
- 45-64
- 65+
- Toplam
Education and marital status
- Primary school
- Basic education
- Middle school
- High school
- University
- Postgraduate
- Married
- Single
- Divorced
- Widowed
Why economics matters here
The growth of leather and organised industry produced a prosperous, devout upper class in the region. This detail is the key to the most surprising finding ahead: acts of worship that cost money rose, while those that cost time and bodily effort fell.
Part 2
Where do these numbers come from?
Before trusting the figures you should see how they were gathered. The research rests on a face-to-face survey conducted in the centre of Gerede and an attitude scale built from it.
The sample
The survey reached 555 people. The gender split was matched to the district population (51.7% men, 48.3% women). The lower age bound was set at 15, taken as the age at which religious obligation begins.
Age
- 15-21%28,9
- 31-40%20,1
- 41-50%19,6
- 26-30%9,1
- 22-25%8,5
- 61 and over%7,3
- 51-60%6,5
Education
- High school%40,9
- University%25,5
- Middle school%15,4
- Primary school%13,2
- Literate only%2,5
- Master's / PhD%2,5
The religious life attitude scale
Survey items were submitted to factor analysis, which produced five dimensions. Each item below is shown with how strongly it loads onto its dimension. Every comparison on this site runs through these five dimensions.
F1Belief5 items · α 0,953
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18Allah vardır | 4,89 | 0,335 | 0,862 |
| 19Melekler vardır | 4,86 | 0,436 | 0,928 |
| 20Kuranı Kerim haktır | 4,84 | 0,494 | 0,927 |
| 21Hz Muhammed Allah’ın son peygamberidir | 4,86 | 0,459 | 0,923 |
| 23Kader haktır. | 4,76 | 0,614 | 0,842 |
F2Worship8 items · α 0,899
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24Ne sıklıkla Kuran okursunuz? (Arapça ya da Türkçe) | 3,10 | 1,074 | 0,754 |
| 25Beş vakit namaz kılma sıklığınız? (Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 3,56 | 1,174 | 0,765 |
| 26Cuma namazı kılar mısınız? (Erkekler için) | 4,46 | 0,899 | 0,581 |
| 27Ramazan orucunu ne kadar güçlük çeksem de tutarım.(Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 4,57 | 0,812 | 0,566 |
| 29İmkânım olduğunda kazancımı her yıl hesaplar zekatımı buna göre veririm. | 4,31 | 1,128 | 0,593 |
| 31Teravih namazı kılar mısınız? (Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 3,79 | 1,132 | 0,787 |
| 33Mübarek gün ve gecelerde ibadet eder misiniz? | 4,05 | 1,015 | 0,639 |
| 39davranışlarımın dine uygun olup olmadığına daima dikkat ederim. | 3,95 | 0,944 | 0,617 |
F3Religious liberalisation6 items · α 0,775
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52Dini emirler günümüz şartlarına göre yeniden yorumlanmalıdır. | 2,32 | 1,277 | 0,678 |
| 53Farklı fikirdeki insanların/grupların bir arada yaşayabilmesi için laikliğin gerekli olduğunu düşünürüm. | 2,90 | 1,367 | 0,599 |
| 56Ahirette kurtuluş için önemli olan kalp temizliğidir, kalbi temiz olan cennete girer. | 2,77 | 1,277 | 0,533 |
| 57Modaya uygun giyinmek medeni olmak için önemlidir. | 2,15 | 1,081 | 0,707 |
| 58Anneler, babalar, sevgililer günü, yılbaşı gibi günlerin kutlanmasında sakınca görmem. | 2,51 | 1,271 | 0,572 |
| 60Gençlerin evlilik öncesi kız erkek bir arada vakit geçirmelerinde bir sakınca görmem. | 2,34 | 1,210 | 0,625 |
F4Egalitarian tendencies3 items · α 0,650
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 47Kadınlar bütün meslek dallarında erkeklerle eşit olmalıdır. | 3,02 | 1,280 | 0,723 |
| 48Miras paylaşımında kadın ve erkek eşit olmalıdır. | 3,65 | 1,305 | 0,707 |
| 50Dinde zorlama yoktur, kişi beğendiği inancı seçebilir. | 3,81 | 1,199 | 0,606 |
F5Religious authority & groups3 items · α 0,686
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 43Diyanetin verdiği fetvalara güvenirim(müftü, vaiz,imam, müezzin vb.) | 3,85 | 0,916 | 0,746 |
| 44Diyanet görevlileri dini hizmetlerde başarılıdır. | 3,49 | 1,030 | 0,856 |
| 45Dini grupların(tarikatların ve cemaatlerin) dini yaşamada rolü büyüktür. | 3,33 | 1,140 | 0,600 |
Finding 1
Belief: the share held, the certainty did not
Articles of faith are accepted almost universally in the region — as they were fifteen years ago. The change is not in acceptance but in its tone.
Acceptance of the articles of faith
Taking "strongly agree" and "agree" together, all six articles of faith are accepted by more than 93% of respondents.
- God%98,8Answered "strongly agree" %91,0Answered "no opinion" %1,1
- Angels%98,2Answered "strongly agree" %90,2Answered "no opinion" %1,6
- Qur'an%97,3Answered "strongly agree" %90,2Answered "no opinion" %2,4
- Prophet%98,4Answered "strongly agree" %90,4Answered "no opinion" %1,4
- Last Day and the Afterlife%93,1Answered "strongly agree" %87,5Answered "no opinion" %6,2
- Destiny%93,4Answered "strongly agree" %84,7Answered "no opinion" %6,2
The real finding: from "strongly agree" to "agree"
While total acceptance held steady, the share choosing the most emphatic option fell on every item. The largest drop is in belief in destiny: 13 points in fifteen years. At the same time an answer barely seen in the earlier study appeared — "no opinion" reached 6% on destiny and the afterlife.
This value was computed from the change reported in the text; rounding makes it approximate.
From the thesis
“kader inancında ise %13 oranında azalmıştır”
The thesis reads it this way: there is no drift toward unbelief in the region, but "a partly sceptical mode of thought may have begun to take shape" in how the articles of faith are affirmed.
Folk beliefs
Alongside scriptural belief, living folk beliefs were also measured. The evil eye is by far the most widespread.
- The evil eye%36,9
- Jinn possession%18,0
- Sorcery%13,4
- None of them%7,7
- Lead pouring ritual%7,3
- Amulets%7,2
- Horoscopes%5,2
- Fortune telling%3,4
- All of them%1,0
Finding 2
Worship: two trends pulling opposite ways
There is no single direction here but two, and they point away from each other. The dividing line is what an act of worship costs: money, or time and bodily effort.
What money can do rose
Those who sacrifice an animal when they can afford it rose 23 points in fifteen years; those who pay alms rose 19. Given the prosperity brought by the leather industry, this is no coincidence.
- Pay alms when able+19
- Sacrifice an animal when able+23
What time and body must do fell
Those who always keep the Ramadan fast fell 18 points, tarawih prayer 7 points, Friday prayer 4 points. The five daily prayers, meanwhile, barely moved at all.
- Always keep the Ramadan fast-18
- Always perform tarawih prayer-7
- Always perform Friday prayer-4
- Always worship on holy nights-2
All acts of worship, 2004 → 2019
Each line is one act of worship. Those rising depend on economic means; those falling depend on setting aside time regularly.
This value was computed from the change reported in the text; rounding makes it approximate.
How often?
The 2019 distributions. Darker shades run toward "always".
- Frequency of Qur'an Reading%33,8
- Frequency of the Five Daily Prayers%54,8
- Frequency of Friday Prayer%86,6
- Frequency of Keeping the Ramadan Fast%90,5
- Performing Tarawih Prayer%59,1
- Worship on Holy Days and Nights%74,4
- Frequency of Personal Prayer%82,6
Finding 4
Who thinks what?
For each of nine sociological variables, means were compared across the five attitude dimensions. Pick a variable and see where it makes a real difference — and where the difference it makes is not statistically meaningful.
Choose a variable
Belief
No significant difference · p = .400- 15-214,91
- 22-254,83
- 26-304,84
- 31-404,83
- 41-504,89
- 51-604,80
- 61 and over4,78
Means run from 1 to 5; a higher value means a stronger attitude on that dimension.
Worship
Significant difference · p < .001- 15-213,74
- 22-253,72
- 26-303,90
- 31-403,98
- 41-504,27
- 51-604,10
- 61 and over4,34
Means run from 1 to 5; a higher value means a stronger attitude on that dimension.
Religious liberalisation
Significant difference · p < .001- 15-212,94
- 22-252,47
- 26-302,29
- 31-402,32
- 41-502,16
- 51-602,08
- 61 and over2,39
Means run from 1 to 5; a higher value means a stronger attitude on that dimension.
Egalitarian tendencies
Significant difference · p < .001- 15-214,07
- 22-253,59
- 26-303,57
- 31-403,55
- 41-503,26
- 51-603,10
- 61 and over3,70
Means run from 1 to 5; a higher value means a stronger attitude on that dimension.
Religious authority & groups
Significant difference · p = .007- 15-213,43
- 22-253,62
- 26-303,56
- 31-403,59
- 41-503,70
- 51-603,64
- 61 and over3,91
Means run from 1 to 5; a higher value means a stronger attitude on that dimension.
Summary: which variable separates what?
A filled dot means that variable produces a statistically significant difference on that dimension (p < .05). Dominant political outlook, religious education, occupation and marital status separate all five dimensions; gender separates only one.
Gender
- Belief — not significant
- Worship — not significant
- Religious liberalisation — not significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — not significant
Age
- Belief — not significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Marital Status
- Belief — significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Education
- Belief — not significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — not significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Economic Standing
- Belief — not significant
- Worship — not significant
- Religious liberalisation — not significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — not significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Occupation
- Belief — significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Tie to Gerede
- Belief — not significant
- Worship — not significant
- Religious liberalisation — not significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — not significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Religious education
- Belief — significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
Political outlook
- Belief — significant
- Worship — significant
- Religious liberalisation — significant
- Egalitarian tendencies — significant
- Religious authority & groups — significant
| Choose a variable | Belief | Worship | Religious liberalisation | Egalitarian tendencies | Religious authority & groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | not significant | not significant | not significant | significant | not significant |
| Age | not significant | significant | significant | significant | significant |
| Marital Status | significant | significant | significant | significant | significant |
| Education | not significant | significant | significant | not significant | significant |
| Economic Standing | not significant | not significant | not significant | not significant | significant |
| Occupation | significant | significant | significant | significant | significant |
| Tie to Gerede | not significant | not significant | not significant | not significant | significant |
| Religious education | significant | significant | significant | significant | significant |
| Political outlook | significant | significant | significant | significant | significant |
"No difference" is a finding too
Of the five dimensions, gender produces a significant difference only in egalitarian tendencies — where women are more egalitarian than men. Economic standing and one’s tie to Gerede separate almost nothing. What shapes religiosity here is not income but political belonging and the religious education one received.
Finding 5
Where does Gerede sit within Turkey?
The thesis sets its findings against religious life studies from other Turkish provinces. Gerede sits slightly below the national average on most acts of worship.
Perform the five daily prayers always
Gerede sits somewhat below the averages of other regions on prayer observance.
- Kütahya%66,0
- Konya%65,0
- Giresun%44,0
- Turkey (national)%42,5
- Samsun%42,0
- Diyarbakır%34,0
- Gerede%29,5
- İzmir%18,0
Keep the Ramadan fast
Fasting is among the most widely observed practices in Gerede too — still, below the national average.
- Konya%97,0
- Diyarbakır%92,0
- Kütahya%91,0
- Giresun%86,0
- Turkey (national)%83,0
- Gerede%74,2
- İzmir%69,0
Perform the animal sacrifice
On sacrifice, an act tied to economic means, Gerede is near the average — and it rose 23 points in fifteen years.
- Diyarbakır%89,0
- Konya%89,0
- Kütahya%79,0
- Samsun%77,0
- Gerede%76,5
- Giresun%43,0
Read the Qur'an daily / always
Regular Qur'an reading is comparatively low in Gerede — but it rose from 11% to 14.1% in fifteen years.
- Konya%39,5
- Turkey (national)%21,0
- Kütahya%19,0
- Gerede%14,1
These studies were run in different years, with different samples and question wordings that are not identical. The values give rough placement, not precise measurement.
Conclusion
Change, but no rupture
The central hypothesis held: in step with Turkey’s social, economic and technological development, a process of rationalisation and growing autonomy is visible in Gerede too. New communication technologies and the rapid spread of apartment living carry that process.
Yet traditional and religious values still largely determine how life is lived in the region. In the thesis’s own words, the change in traditional religious values is not "of a level and depth to produce social differentiation in itself".
Perhaps what the data says most clearly is this: the change is not a one-way unravelling. What shifts is not belief but its certainty, not the presence of worship but its form, not piety itself but its institutional authority. A rising class performs more of the worship that money can buy while the worship that takes time recedes. And through all of it, the sentence drawing the widest agreement is that money has become the most important value.
Hypotheses and outcomes
- The articles of faith are accepted at high rates.Confirmed
- Though irregular, acts of worship retain their importance.Confirmed
- Social change is felt in the social dimension of religion.Confirmed
- Women's religious attitudes are stronger than men's.Partly confirmed
- Religious attitudes strengthen with age.Partly confirmed
- Married people's religious attitudes exceed those of the unmarried.Confirmed
- Religious attitudes weaken as education rises.Partly confirmed
- Religious attitudes weaken as economic standing rises.Not confirmed
- Tradesmen and artisans hold stronger religious attitudes.Confirmed
All 76 tables from the thesis
Each table with its number and title as published. Select one to open it.
76 / 76
Attitude scale
01Religious Life Attitude Scale
F1Belief · α 0,953
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18. Allah vardır | 4,89 | 0,335 | 0,862 |
| 19. Melekler vardır | 4,86 | 0,436 | 0,928 |
| 20. Kuranı Kerim haktır | 4,84 | 0,494 | 0,927 |
| 21. Hz Muhammed Allah’ın son peygamberidir | 4,86 | 0,459 | 0,923 |
| 23. Kader haktır. | 4,76 | 0,614 | 0,842 |
F2Worship · α 0,899
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24. Ne sıklıkla Kuran okursunuz? (Arapça ya da Türkçe) | 3,10 | 1,074 | 0,754 |
| 25. Beş vakit namaz kılma sıklığınız? (Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 3,56 | 1,174 | 0,765 |
| 26. Cuma namazı kılar mısınız? (Erkekler için) | 4,46 | 0,899 | 0,581 |
| 27. Ramazan orucunu ne kadar güçlük çeksem de tutarım.(Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 4,57 | 0,812 | 0,566 |
| 29. İmkânım olduğunda kazancımı her yıl hesaplar zekatımı buna göre veririm. | 4,31 | 1,128 | 0,593 |
| 31. Teravih namazı kılar mısınız? (Hanımlar müsait olduklarında) | 3,79 | 1,132 | 0,787 |
| 33. Mübarek gün ve gecelerde ibadet eder misiniz? | 4,05 | 1,015 | 0,639 |
| 39. davranışlarımın dine uygun olup olmadığına daima dikkat ederim. | 3,95 | 0,944 | 0,617 |
F3Religious liberalisation · α 0,775
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52. Dini emirler günümüz şartlarına göre yeniden yorumlanmalıdır. | 2,32 | 1,277 | 0,678 |
| 53. Farklı fikirdeki insanların/grupların bir arada yaşayabilmesi için laikliğin gerekli olduğunu düşünürüm. | 2,90 | 1,367 | 0,599 |
| 56. Ahirette kurtuluş için önemli olan kalp temizliğidir, kalbi temiz olan cennete girer. | 2,77 | 1,277 | 0,533 |
| 57. Modaya uygun giyinmek medeni olmak için önemlidir. | 2,15 | 1,081 | 0,707 |
| 58. Anneler, babalar, sevgililer günü, yılbaşı gibi günlerin kutlanmasında sakınca görmem. | 2,51 | 1,271 | 0,572 |
| 60. Gençlerin evlilik öncesi kız erkek bir arada vakit geçirmelerinde bir sakınca görmem. | 2,34 | 1,210 | 0,625 |
F4Egalitarian tendencies · α 0,650
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 47. Kadınlar bütün meslek dallarında erkeklerle eşit olmalıdır. | 3,02 | 1,280 | 0,723 |
| 48. Miras paylaşımında kadın ve erkek eşit olmalıdır. | 3,65 | 1,305 | 0,707 |
| 50. Dinde zorlama yoktur, kişi beğendiği inancı seçebilir. | 3,81 | 1,199 | 0,606 |
F5Religious authority & groups · α 0,686
| Table | Mean | Std. dev. | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| 43. Diyanetin verdiği fetvalara güvenirim(müftü, vaiz,imam, müezzin vb.) | 3,85 | 0,916 | 0,746 |
| 44. Diyanet görevlileri dini hizmetlerde başarılıdır. | 3,49 | 1,030 | 0,856 |
| 45. Dini grupların(tarikatların ve cemaatlerin) dini yaşamada rolü büyüktür. | 3,33 | 1,140 | 0,600 |
Gerede (TurkStat)
02Urban–Rural Distribution of the Population
| Urban | % | Village | % | TOTAL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 25.188 | %61 | 16.203 | %39 | 41.391 |
| 2016 | 24.078 | %72 | 9.377 | %28 | 33.455 |
Source: TÜİK Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi 2016 verileri.
03Population by Age Group, 2000 and 2016
| 2000 | 2016 | |
|---|---|---|
| 0- 4 | 2421 | 1677 |
| 5-14 | 3917 | 3635 |
| 15-24 | 6130 | 4080 |
| 25-34 | 4267 | 3867 |
| 35-44 | 3578 | 3667 |
| 45-64 | 3557 | 4997 |
| 65+ | 1302 | 2155 |
| TOTAL | 25188 | 24078 |
Source: TÜİK ADNKS 2016 verileri.
04Literacy by Gender
| Literacy | Men | % | Women | % | TOTAL | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Literate | 15.018 | %51 | 14.192 | %49 | 29.210 | %86 | |
| Not literate | 256 | %15 | 1.475 | %85 | 1.731 | %5 | |
| No school completed | 1.211 | %41 | 1.706 | %59 | 2.917 | %9 |
Source: TÜİK ADNKS 2016 verileri.
05Education by Gender
| School | Men | % | Women | % | TOTAL | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary school | 4.999 | %44 | 6.403 | %56 | 11.402 | %43 | |
| Basic education | 1.547 | %51 | 1.470 | %49 | 3.017 | %11 | |
| Middle school | 1.858 | %57 | 1.392 | %43 | 3.250 | %12 | |
| High school | 3.560 | %63 | 2.088 | %37 | 5.648 | %21 | |
| University | 1.728 | %61 | 1.077 | %39 | 2.805 | %11 | |
| Postgraduate | 115 | %67 | 56 | %33 | 171 | %0.6 |
Source: TÜİK ADNKS 2016 verileri.
06Marital Status by Gender
| Marital Status | Men | % | Women | % | TOTAL | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Married | 9.393 | %50 | 9.260 | %50 | 18.653 | %68 | |
| Single | 3.323 | %58 | 2.421 | %42 | 5.744 | %21 | |
| Divorced | 267 | %50 | 263 | %50 | 530 | %2 | |
| Widowed | 443 | %19 | 1.874 | %80 | 2.317 | %8 |
Source: TÜİK ADNKS 2016 verileri.
Sample profile
07Gender!
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Men | 287 | %51,7 |
| Women | 268 | %48,3 |
N: 513 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (555) tabloda yazan Toplam (513) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 555 paydasını ima ediyor.
08Age!
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 159 | %28,9 |
| 22-25 | 47 | %8,5 |
| 26-30 | 50 | %9,1 |
| 31-40 | 122 | %20,1 |
| 41-50 | 108 | %19,6 |
| 51-60 | 36 | %6,5 |
| 61 and over | 40 | %7,3 |
N: 551 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (562) tabloda yazan Toplam (551) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 551 paydasını ima ediyor.
09Education
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | %2,5 |
| Primary school | 73 | %13,2 |
| Middle school | 85 | %15,4 |
| High school | 226 | %40,9 |
| University | 141 | %25,5 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | %2,5 |
N: 553
10Occupation
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 6 | %1,2 |
| Qualified civil servant (teacher, police officer, nurse, doctor…) | 80 | %15,5 |
| Non-qualified civil servant (primary/middle/high-school graduates, support staff) | 16 | %3,1 |
| Worker (public and private sector) | 46 | %8,9 |
| Artisan (producer, baker, restaurateur, smith, repairer, tailor, carpenter…) | 27 | %5,2 |
| Tradesman (tanner, grocer, haberdasher, carpet seller, jeweller) | 41 | %8,0 |
| Self-employed professional (engineer, lawyer, veterinarian…) | 37 | %7,2 |
| Homemaker | 122 | %23,7 |
| Student | 140 | %27,2 |
N: 515
11Economic Standing
“Ekonomi”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | %2,3 |
| Upper middle | 125 | %23,6 |
| Middle | 343 | %64,8 |
| Lower middle | 27 | %5,1 |
| Low | 22 | %4,2 |
N: 529
12Social Background
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Village | 53 | %9,6 |
| District town | 393 | %71,3 |
| Provincial city | 55 | %10,0 |
| Metropolis | 47 | %8,5 |
| Abroad | 3 | %0,5 |
N: 551
13Tie to Gerede
“Gerede İle İlişki Durumu”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Live in Gerede permanently | 399 | %73,3 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | %2,6 |
| Visit often | 55 | %10,1 |
| Visit sometimes | 76 | %14,0 |
N: 544
14Marital Status
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Single | 217 | %39,2 |
| Married | 316 | %57,1 |
| Divorced | 9 | %1,6 |
| Widowed | 8 | %1,4 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | %0,5 |
N: 553
15Form of Marriage Ceremony
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Religious ceremony only | 4 | %1,2 |
| Civil ceremony only | 49 | %15,0 |
| Both religious and civil ceremony | 274 | %83,8 |
N: 327
16How the Marriage Came About
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Arranged introduction | 172 | %52,8 |
| Met and agreed, with family approval | 131 | %40,2 |
| By elopement | 16 | %4,9 |
| Met and agreed, despite family objection | 7 | %2,1 |
N: 326
17Form of Wedding
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| With music | 118 | %36,5 |
| With music and alcohol | 19 | %5,9 |
| Without music or alcohol | 61 | %18,9 |
| With a religious ceremony | 65 | %20,1 |
| Both music and a religious ceremony | 49 | %15,2 |
| Other | 11 | %3,4 |
N: 323
18Kinship with Spouse
“Eş İle Yakınlık Durumu”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Close relative | 31 | %9,5 |
| Distant relative | 52 | %16,0 |
| Not related; from the same town | 174 | %53,5 |
| Neither; from another region | 67 | %20,6 |
| A Muslim from abroad | 1 | %0,3 |
N: 325
19Household Size
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| With my parents | 159 | %30,3 |
| With my parents and spouse | 23 | %4,4 |
| With my spouse | 71 | %13,5 |
| With my spouse and children | 192 | %36,6 |
| With spouse, children and elders | 34 | %6,5 |
| Alone | 16 | %3,0 |
| Other | 30 | %5,7 |
N: 525
20Religious Education Received
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Received no religious education | 15 | %2,7 |
| Self-taught | 46 | %8,4 |
| In the family | 86 | %15,7 |
| At the mosque | 161 | %29,3 |
| In religious groups | 16 | %2,9 |
| At a Qur'an course | 145 | %26,4 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 43 | %7,8 |
| At general education institutions | 30 | %5,5 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | %1,3 |
N: 549
21Self-Described Religiosity!
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Very religious | 29 | %5,4 |
| Religious | 395 | %73,1 |
| Little interest in religion | 109 | %20,2 |
| No interest in religion | 6 | %1,1 |
| Opposed to religion | 1 | %0,2 |
N: 498 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (540) tabloda yazan Toplam (498) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 540 paydasını ima ediyor.
22View of Religion
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Religion is the order for this world and the next, sent by God | 454 | %84,1 |
| Religion is necessary but should not be mixed into worldly affairs | 70 | %13,0 |
| Religion now needs reform and contemporary interpretation | 10 | %1,9 |
| Humans created God in their own minds; religion will vanish as science advances | 6 | %1,1 |
N: 540
23Dominant Political Outlook
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 94 | %17,8 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | %33,2 |
| Nationalist | 89 | %16,9 |
| Islamist | 98 | %18,6 |
| Social democrat | 42 | %8,0 |
| Liberal | 12 | %2,3 |
| Other | 17 | %3,2 |
N: 527
Belief
24Belief in God!
“Allah vardır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 503 | %91,0 |
| Agree | 43 | %7,8 |
| No opinion | 6 | %1,1 |
N: 553 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (552) tabloda yazan Toplam (553) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 551 paydasını ima ediyor.
25Belief in Angels
“Melekler vardır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 499 | %90,2 |
| Agree | 44 | %8,0 |
| No opinion | 9 | %1,6 |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
N: 553
26Belief in the Qur'an
“Kur’an-ı Kerim haktır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 498 | %90,2 |
| Agree | 39 | %7,1 |
| No opinion | 13 | %2,4 |
| Disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
N: 552
27Belief in the Prophet
“Hz.Muhammed Allah’ın son peygamberidir”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 499 | %90,4 |
| Agree | 44 | %8,0 |
| No opinion | 8 | %1,4 |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
N: 552
28Belief in the Last Day and the Afterlife
“Kıyamet günü ve ölümden sonra hayat vardır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 483 | %87,5 |
| Agree | 31 | %5,6 |
| No opinion | 34 | %6,2 |
| Disagree | 2 | %0,4 |
| Strongly disagree | 2 | %0,4 |
N: 552
29Belief in Destiny
“Kader haktır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 466 | %84,7 |
| Agree | 48 | %8,7 |
| No opinion | 34 | %6,2 |
| Disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | %0,2 |
N: 550
30Amulets and Sorcery
“Çevremde muska ve büyü olaylarıyla karşılaşıyorum”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 20 | %3,7 |
| Often | 81 | %14,8 |
| Sometimes | 148 | %27,1 |
| Rarely | 149 | %27,2 |
| Never | 149 | %27,2 |
N: 547
31Prayers and Requests at Shrines
“Türbelerde yapılan dua ve isteklerin gerçekleşeceğine inanırım”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 63 | %11,6 |
| Agree | 154 | %28,4 |
| No opinion | 205 | %37,8 |
| Disagree | 78 | %14,4 |
| Strongly disagree | 43 | %7,9 |
N: 543
32Fortune Telling, Horoscopes, Evil Eye and Similar Beliefs
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Fortune telling | 38 | %3,4 |
| Horoscopes | 58 | %5,2 |
| The evil eye | 411 | %36,9 |
| Sorcery | 149 | %13,4 |
| Lead pouring ritual | 81 | %7,3 |
| Amulets | 80 | %7,2 |
| Jinn possession | 201 | %18,0 |
| All of them | 11 | %1,0 |
| None of them | 86 | %7,7 |
N: 1115
Worship
33Frequency of Qur'an Reading
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 77 | %14,1 |
| Often | 108 | %19,7 |
| Sometimes | 236 | %43,1 |
| Rarely | 107 | %19,5 |
| Never | 20 | %3,6 |
N: 548
34Frequency of the Five Daily Prayers
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 162 | %29,5 |
| Often | 139 | %25,3 |
| Sometimes | 147 | %26,8 |
| Rarely | 85 | %15,5 |
| Never | 16 | %2,9 |
N: 549
35Frequency of Friday Prayer
“Cuma namazı kılar mısınız?”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 203 | %66,6 |
| Often | 61 | %20,0 |
| Sometimes | 25 | %8,2 |
| Rarely | 10 | %3,3 |
| Never | 6 | %2,0 |
N: 305
36Frequency of Keeping the Ramadan Fast!
“Ramazan orucunu ne kadar güçlük çeksem de tutarım”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 409 | %74,2 |
| Often | 90 | %16,3 |
| Sometimes | 37 | %6,7 |
| Rarely | 12 | %2,2 |
| Never | 5 | %0,5 |
N: 551 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (553) tabloda yazan Toplam (551) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 552 paydasını ima ediyor.
37Attitudes Toward Performing the Hajj
“İmkânım olduğunda hacca gideceğim”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 408 | %73,9 |
| Often | 99 | %17,9 |
| Sometimes | 36 | %6,5 |
| Rarely | 4 | %0,7 |
| Never | 5 | %0,9 |
N: 552
38Payment of Alms (Zakat)
“İmkânım olduğunda kazancımı her yıl hesaplar zekâtımı buna göre veririm”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 366 | %68,3 |
| Often | 82 | %15,3 |
| Sometimes | 40 | %7,5 |
| Rarely | 29 | %5,4 |
| Never | 19 | %3,5 |
N: 536
39Performing the Sacrifice
“İmkânım olduğunda kurban keserim”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 411 | %76,5 |
| Often | 55 | %10,2 |
| Sometimes | 34 | %6,3 |
| Rarely | 23 | %4,3 |
| Never | 14 | %2,6 |
N: 537
40Performing Tarawih Prayer
“Teravih namazı kılar mısınız?”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 159 | %30,6 |
| Often | 148 | %28,5 |
| Sometimes | 137 | %26,3 |
| Rarely | 60 | %11,5 |
| Never | 16 | %3,1 |
N: 520
41Performing the Festival Prayer
“Bayram namazı kılar mısınız?”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 247 | %78,4 |
| Often | 35 | %11,1 |
| Sometimes | 15 | %4,8 |
| Rarely | 7 | %2,2 |
| Never | 11 | %3,5 |
N: 315
42Worship on Holy Days and Nights
“Mübarek gün ve gecelerde ibadet eder misiniz?”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 212 | %38,5 |
| Often | 198 | %35,9 |
| Sometimes | 97 | %17,6 |
| Rarely | 41 | %7,4 |
| Never | 3 | %0,5 |
N: 551
43Frequency of Personal Prayer!
“Dua etme sıklığınız”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 306 | %55,3 |
| Often | 151 | %27,3 |
| Sometimes | 68 | %12,3 |
| Rarely | 23 | %4,2 |
| Never | 5 | %0,9 |
N: 533 · Inconsistency in the source: Satır N toplamı (553) tabloda yazan Toplam (533) ile uyuşmuyor; yüzdeler 553 paydasını ima ediyor.
Social life
44Consulting a Cleric on Matters Not Directly Religious
“Durumu Dinle doğrudan ilgili olmayan konularda din adamına danışma durumu”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 55 | %10,1 |
| Often | 113 | %20,7 |
| Sometimes | 163 | %29,9 |
| Rarely | 131 | %24,0 |
| Never | 84 | %15,4 |
N: 546
45Attention to Whether One’s Conduct Conforms to Religion
“Davranışlarımın dine uygun olup olmadığına daima dikkat ederim”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 171 | %31,0 |
| Often | 249 | %45,1 |
| Sometimes | 84 | %15,2 |
| Rarely | 45 | %8,2 |
| Never | 3 | %0,5 |
N: 552
46Use of Bank Credit
“Asli ihtiyaçlar için banka kredisi kullanırım”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 12 | %2,3 |
| Often | 28 | %5,3 |
| Sometimes | 82 | %15,6 |
| Rarely | 118 | %22,5 |
| Never | 285 | %54,3 |
N: 525
47Piety and Trustworthiness in Trade
“Dindar insan ticari hayatta daha dürüst ve güvenilirdir.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 185 | %33,8 |
| Agree | 226 | %40,7 |
| No opinion | 61 | %11,1 |
| Disagree | 59 | %10,8 |
| Strongly disagree | 17 | %3,1 |
N: 548
48Piety and Voting
“Oy verirken adayların dindarlıklarından ziyade yönetim kabiliyetine önem veririm”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 134 | %24,8 |
| Agree | 241 | %44,5 |
| No opinion | 59 | %10,9 |
| Disagree | 77 | %14,2 |
| Strongly disagree | 30 | %5,5 |
N: 541
49Trust in the Religious Rulings of the Directorate
“Diyanetin verdiği fetvalara güvenirim”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 101 | %18,4 |
| Agree | 285 | %52,0 |
| No opinion | 122 | %22,3 |
| Disagree | 28 | %5,1 |
| Strongly disagree | 12 | %2,2 |
N: 548
50Performance of Directorate Officials in Religious Services
“Diyanet görevlileri dini hizmetlerde başarılıdır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 77 | %14,1 |
| Agree | 250 | %45,8 |
| No opinion | 140 | %25,6 |
| Disagree | 62 | %11,4 |
| Strongly disagree | 17 | %3,1 |
N: 546
51The Role of Religious Groups in Religious Life
“Dini grupların (tarikatların ve cemaatlerin) dini yaşamada önemi büyüktür.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 78 | %14,2 |
| Agree | 198 | %36,1 |
| No opinion | 182 | %33,2 |
| Disagree | 58 | %10,6 |
| Strongly disagree | 32 | %5,8 |
N: 548
52Alcohol Use
“Alkol kullanma durumunuz?”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 6 | %1,1 |
| Often | 2 | %0,4 |
| Sometimes | 31 | %5,7 |
| Rarely | 42 | %7,7 |
| Never | 467 | %85,2 |
N: 548
53Gender Equality Across Professions
“Kadınlar bütün meslek dallarında erkeklerle eşit olmalıdırlar.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 104 | %19,0 |
| Agree | 195 | %35,6 |
| No opinion | 33 | %6,0 |
| Disagree | 174 | %31,8 |
| Strongly disagree | 41 | %7,5 |
N: 547
54Gender Equality in Inheritance
“Miras paylaşımında kadın ve erkek eşit olmalıdır.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 204 | %37,4 |
| Agree | 195 | %35,7 |
| No opinion | 26 | %4,8 |
| Disagree | 89 | %16,3 |
| Strongly disagree | 32 | %5,9 |
N: 546
55Admonishing Family Members Over Religious Duties
“Aile fertlerinden dini görevlerini yerine getirmeyenler uyarılmalıdır”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 246 | %44,9 |
| Agree | 221 | %40,3 |
| No opinion | 59 | %10,8 |
| Disagree | 18 | %3,3 |
| Strongly disagree | 4 | %0,7 |
N: 548
56No Compulsion in Religion
“Dinde zorlama yoktur, kişi beğendiği inancı seçebilir.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 183 | %33,3 |
| Agree | 205 | %37,3 |
| No opinion | 57 | %10,4 |
| Disagree | 75 | %13,6 |
| Strongly disagree | 30 | %5,5 |
N: 550
57Absorption in Worldly Affairs Over the Hereafter
“Giderek ahiretten ziyade dünya işlerine daldığımı düşünüyorum.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 32 | %5,9 |
| Often | 157 | %28,9 |
| Sometimes | 269 | %49,4 |
| Rarely | 56 | %10,3 |
| Never | 30 | %5,5 |
N: 544
58Reform of Religious Commands
“Dini emirler günümüz şartlarına göre yeniden yorumlanmalıdır.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 28 | %5,1 |
| Agree | 60 | %11,0 |
| No opinion | 105 | %19,3 |
| Disagree | 164 | %30,1 |
| Strongly disagree | 188 | %34,5 |
N: 545
59Secularism
“Farklı fikirdeki insanların/grupların bir arada yaşayabilmesi için laikliğin gerekli olduğunu düşünürüm.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 70 | %13,0 |
| Agree | 135 | %25,0 |
| No opinion | 107 | %19,8 |
| Disagree | 139 | %25,7 |
| Strongly disagree | 89 | %16,5 |
N: 540
60Influence of Religion and Social Circle on Decisions
“Gündelik hayatta aldığım kararları dini emirlerden ziyade sosyal çevre belirler.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 21 | %3,9 |
| Agree | 69 | %12,7 |
| No opinion | 104 | %19,1 |
| Disagree | 243 | %44,7 |
| Strongly disagree | 107 | %19,7 |
N: 544
61Postponing Prayer When Away From Home
“İş hayatında ve sosyal ortamlarda namaz kılacak yer aramayıp, namazımı kazaya bırakırım.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Always | 35 | %6,7 |
| Often | 59 | %11,4 |
| Sometimes | 118 | %22,7 |
| Rarely | 150 | %28,9 |
| Never | 157 | %30,3 |
N: 519
62Purity of Heart as the Path to Salvation
“Ahirette kurtuluş için önemli olan kalp temizliğidir, kalbi temiz olan cennete girer”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 52 | %9,6 |
| Agree | 134 | %24,8 |
| No opinion | 89 | %16,5 |
| Disagree | 180 | %33,3 |
| Strongly disagree | 86 | %15,9 |
N: 541
63Fashionable Dress as a Mark of Being Modern
“Modaya uygun giyinmek medeni olmak için önemlidir.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 9 | %1,6 |
| Agree | 52 | %9,5 |
| No opinion | 91 | %16,7 |
| Disagree | 220 | %40,3 |
| Strongly disagree | 174 | %31,9 |
N: 546
64Views on Celebrating Secular Occasions
“Anneler günü, babalar günü, sevgililer günü ve yılbaşı gibi günlerin kutlanmasında sakınca görmem.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 35 | %6,4 |
| Agree | 102 | %18,6 |
| No opinion | 108 | %19,7 |
| Disagree | 157 | %28,6 |
| Strongly disagree | 146 | %26,6 |
N: 548
65Religion and the Media
“Dinin medyada daha fazla yer alması dindarlığımı iyi yönde etkiler.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 80 | %14,7 |
| Agree | 202 | %37,2 |
| No opinion | 139 | %25,6 |
| Disagree | 98 | %18,0 |
| Strongly disagree | 24 | %4,4 |
N: 543
66Young Men and Women Spending Time Together
“Gençlerin evlilik öncesi kız-erkek bir arada vakit geçirmelerinde bir sakınca görmem.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 27 | %5,0 |
| Agree | 93 | %17,1 |
| No opinion | 73 | %13,4 |
| Disagree | 196 | %36,0 |
| Strongly disagree | 155 | %28,5 |
N: 544
67Money Becoming the Most Important Value
“Para giderek hayatta en büyük değer haline gelmektedir.”(original survey wording)
| Table | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Strongly agree | 164 | %30,3 |
| Agree | 263 | %48,5 |
| No opinion | 30 | %5,5 |
| Disagree | 57 | %10,5 |
| Strongly disagree | 28 | %5,2 |
N: 542
Statistical tests
68Gender: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — t-Test Results
Beliefp = .372 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 286 | 4,84 | 0,432 |
| Women | 267 | 4,87 | 0,361 |
Worshipp = .872 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 287 | 3,97 | 0,788 |
| Women | 268 | 3,98 | 0,683 |
Religious liberalisationp = .637 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 284 | 2,48 | 0,867 |
| Women | 268 | 2,45 | 0,780 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp = .004 · significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 284 | 3,51 | 0,952 |
| Women | 268 | 3,75 | 0,948 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .740 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 284 | 3,58 | 0,810 |
| Women | 267 | 3,60 | 0,697 |
69Age: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .400 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 159 | 4,91 | 0,370 |
| 22-25 | 46 | 4,83 | 0,488 |
| 26-30 | 50 | 4,84 | 0,416 |
| 31-40 | 111 | 4,83 | 0,434 |
| 41-50 | 108 | 4,89 | 0,325 |
| 51-60 | 36 | 4,80 | 0,432 |
| 61 and over | 39 | 4,78 | 0,442 |
| N | 549 | 4,86 | 0,400 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(a-d,e,f,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 159 | 3,74 | 0,663 |
| 22-25 | 47 | 3,72 | 0,734 |
| 26-30 | 50 | 3,90 | 0,717 |
| 31-40 | 111 | 3,98 | 0,769 |
| 41-50 | 108 | 4,27 | 0,616 |
| 51-60 | 36 | 4,10 | 0,857 |
| 61 and over | 40 | 4,34 | 0,778 |
| N | 551 | 3,97 | 0,741 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(a-b,c,d,e,f,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 156 | 2,94 | 0,744 |
| 22-25 | 47 | 2,47 | 0,828 |
| 26-30 | 50 | 2,29 | 0,758 |
| 31-40 | 111 | 2,32 | 0,769 |
| 41-50 | 108 | 2,16 | 0,752 |
| 51-60 | 36 | 2,08 | 0,893 |
| 61 and over | 40 | 2,39 | 0,717 |
| N | 548 | 2,46 | 0,827 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp < .001 · significant(a-b,c,d,e,f,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 156 | 4,07 | 0,897 |
| 22-25 | 47 | 3,59 | 1,100 |
| 26-30 | 50 | 3,57 | 0,796 |
| 31-40 | 111 | 3,55 | 0,835 |
| 41-50 | 108 | 3,26 | 0,972 |
| 51-60 | 36 | 3,10 | 0,965 |
| 61 and over | 40 | 3,70 | 0,813 |
| N | 548 | 3,63 | 0,959 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .007 · significant(g-a,c,d)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-21 | 157 | 3,43 | 0,839 |
| 22-25 | 47 | 3,62 | 0,608 |
| 26-30 | 50 | 3,56 | 0,674 |
| 31-40 | 110 | 3,59 | 0,725 |
| 41-50 | 107 | 3,70 | 0,736 |
| 51-60 | 36 | 3,64 | 0,666 |
| 61 and over | 40 | 3,91 | 0,742 |
| N | 547 | 3,59 | 0,754 |
70Marital Status: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .002 · significant(e-a,b,c)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 217 | 4,88 | 0,413 |
| Married | 314 | 4,86 | 0,360 |
| Divorced | 9 | 4,86 | 0,400 |
| Widowed | 8 | 4,55 | 0,840 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | 4,06 | 0,832 |
| N | 551 | 4,86 | 0,400 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(b-a,e)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 217 | 3,78 | 0,697 |
| Married | 316 | 4,12 | 0,712 |
| Divorced | 9 | 3,68 | 0,718 |
| Widowed | 8 | 3,91 | 1,199 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | 2,75 | 0,901 |
| N | 553 | 3,97 | 0,739 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(b-a)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 214 | 2,83 | 0,792 |
| Married | 316 | 2,22 | 0,759 |
| Divorced | 9 | 2,07 | 0,677 |
| Widowed | 8 | 2,72 | 0,745 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | 3,00 | 0,881 |
| N | 550 | 2,47 | 0,826 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp < .001 · significant(a-b,d)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 214 | 3,96 | 0,924 |
| Married | 316 | 3,39 | 0,923 |
| Divorced | 9 | 3,37 | 0,484 |
| Widowed | 8 | 4,37 | 0,628 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | 4,22 | 0,384 |
| N | 550 | 3,63 | 0,956 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .022 · significant(b-a)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single | 215 | 3,48 | 0,787 |
| Married | 314 | 3,68 | 0,722 |
| Divorced | 9 | 3,51 | 0,959 |
| Widowed | 8 | 3,29 | 0,700 |
| Separated, not divorced | 3 | 3,22 | 0,384 |
| N | 549 | 3,59 | 0,756 |
71Education: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .418 · not significant(b-c)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | 4,88 | 0,330 |
| Primary school | 72 | 4,91 | 0,261 |
| Middle school | 84 | 4,78 | 0,461 |
| High school | 226 | 4,85 | 0,431 |
| University | 141 | 4,88 | 0,354 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | 4,85 | 0,534 |
| N | 551 | 4,86 | 0,400 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(d-a,b,e)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | 4,42 | 0,654 |
| Primary school | 73 | 4,19 | 0,661 |
| Middle school | 85 | 3,98 | 0,733 |
| High school | 226 | 3,82 | 0,732 |
| University | 141 | 4,04 | 0,749 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | 4,07 | 0,752 |
| N | 553 | 3,97 | 0,738 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(d-b,c,e)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | 2,21 | 0,674 |
| Primary school | 73 | 2,17 | 0,656 |
| Middle school | 84 | 2,34 | 0,742 |
| High school | 224 | 2,65 | 0,841 |
| University | 141 | 2,43 | 0,863 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | 2,38 | 0,978 |
| N | 550 | 2,47 | 0,824 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp = .139 · not significant(d-b)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | 3,59 | 1,030 |
| Primary school | 73 | 3,43 | 0,984 |
| Middle school | 84 | 3,60 | 0,923 |
| High school | 224 | 3,76 | 0,965 |
| University | 141 | 3,56 | 0,922 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | 3,45 | 0,992 |
| N | 549 | 3,63 | 0,955 |
Religious authority & groupsp < .001 · significant(d-a,b,c)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literate only | 14 | 3,88 | 0,801 |
| Primary school | 72 | 3,92 | 0,690 |
| Middle school | 84 | 3,69 | 0,695 |
| High school | 224 | 3,47 | 0,752 |
| University | 141 | 3,53 | 0,779 |
| Master's / PhD | 14 | 3,47 | 0,759 |
| N | 549 | 3,59 | 0,758 |
72Economic Standing: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .178 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | 4,98 | 0,057 |
| Upper middle | 125 | 4,80 | 0,451 |
| Middle | 342 | 4,85 | 0,421 |
| Lower middle | 26 | 4,93 | 0,167 |
| Low | 22 | 4,98 | 0,058 |
| N | 527 | 4,85 | 0,407 |
Worshipp = .968 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | 4,04 | 0,797 |
| Upper middle | 125 | 3,95 | 0,764 |
| Middle | 343 | 3,99 | 0,748 |
| Lower middle | 27 | 3,93 | 0,583 |
| Low | 22 | 4,03 | 0,779 |
| N | 529 | 3,98 | 0,744 |
Religious liberalisationp = .101 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | 2,49 | 0,962 |
| Upper middle | 125 | 2,42 | 0,853 |
| Middle | 342 | 2,50 | 0,802 |
| Lower middle | 27 | 2,33 | 0,949 |
| Low | 21 | 2,01 | 0,823 |
| N | 527 | 2,45 | 0,830 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp = .162 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | 3,50 | 1,029 |
| Upper middle | 125 | 3,49 | 0,984 |
| Middle | 342 | 3,69 | 0,919 |
| Lower middle | 27 | 3,45 | 0,970 |
| Low | 21 | 3,38 | 1,189 |
| N | 527 | 3,62 | 0,954 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .049 · significant(b-a,e)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 12 | 4,02 | 0,717 |
| Upper middle | 125 | 3,51 | 0,734 |
| Middle | 339 | 3,59 | 0,763 |
| Lower middle | 27 | 3,75 | 0,644 |
| Low | 22 | 3,87 | 0,738 |
| N | 525 | 3,60 | 0,753 |
73Occupation: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .015 · significant(d-b,c,d,e,f,g,h,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 6 | 4,90 | 0,167 |
| Qualified civil servant | 80 | 4,84 | 0,401 |
| Non-qualified civil servant | 16 | 4,96 | 0,108 |
| Worker | 45 | 4,64 | 0,561 |
| Artisan | 27 | 4,98 | 0,076 |
| Tradesman | 41 | 4,89 | 0,337 |
| Self-employed professional | 37 | 4,91 | 0,328 |
| Homemaker | 121 | 4,87 | 0,354 |
| Student | 140 | 4,87 | 0,447 |
| N | 513 | 4,86 | 0,398 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(k-b,e,f,g,h)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 6 | 4,05 | 0,370 |
| Qualified civil servant | 80 | 4,09 | 0,755 |
| Non-qualified civil servant | 16 | 3,97 | 0,623 |
| Worker | 46 | 3,76 | 0,857 |
| Artisan | 27 | 4,21 | 0,577 |
| Tradesman | 41 | 4,10 | 0,790 |
| Self-employed professional | 37 | 4,03 | 0,747 |
| Homemaker | 122 | 4,16 | 0,673 |
| Student | 140 | 3,66 | 0,704 |
| N | 515 | 3,96 | 0,744 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(k-b,d,e,f,g,h,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 6 | 2,58 | 0,656 |
| Qualified civil servant | 80 | 2,44 | 0,911 |
| Non-qualified civil servant | 16 | 2,53 | 0,912 |
| Worker | 46 | 2,43 | 0,740 |
| Artisan | 27 | 2,36 | 0,841 |
| Tradesman | 41 | 2,26 | 0,789 |
| Self-employed professional | 37 | 2,26 | 0,945 |
| Homemaker | 122 | 2,19 | 0,684 |
| Student | 138 | 2,92 | 0,735 |
| N | 513 | 2,48 | 0,830 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp < .001 · significant(k-a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 6 | 3,11 | 1,223 |
| Qualified civil servant | 80 | 3,61 | 0,978 |
| Non-qualified civil servant | 16 | 3,45 | 1,179 |
| Worker | 46 | 3,48 | 0,876 |
| Artisan | 27 | 3,54 | 0,983 |
| Tradesman | 41 | 3,58 | 0,906 |
| Self-employed professional | 37 | 3,14 | 0,979 |
| Homemaker | 122 | 3,50 | 0,907 |
| Student | 138 | 4,04 | 0,859 |
| N | 513 | 3,64 | 0,957 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .005 · significant(h-b,c,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer | 5 | 3,66 | 0,971 |
| Qualified civil servant | 80 | 3,50 | 0,789 |
| Non-qualified civil servant | 16 | 3,35 | 0,724 |
| Worker | 46 | 3,63 | 0,849 |
| Artisan | 27 | 3,67 | 0,889 |
| Tradesman | 40 | 3,78 | 0,730 |
| Self-employed professional | 37 | 3,59 | 0,653 |
| Homemaker | 122 | 3,76 | 0,657 |
| Student | 138 | 3,38 | 0,780 |
| N | 511 | 3,57 | 0,765 |
74Tie to Gerede: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp = .199 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live here permanently | 398 | 4,83 | 0,417 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | 4,85 | 0,425 |
| Visit often | 55 | 4,94 | 0,205 |
| Visit sometimes | 75 | 4,90 | 0,424 |
| N | 542 | 4,86 | 0,403 |
Worshipp = .093 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live here permanently | 399 | 3,98 | 0,734 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | 4,00 | 0,853 |
| Visit often | 55 | 4,12 | 0,673 |
| Visit sometimes | 76 | 3,80 | 0,779 |
| N | 544 | 3,97 | 0,740 |
Religious liberalisationp = .132 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live here permanently | 397 | 2,43 | 0,810 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | 2,82 | 0,948 |
| Visit often | 54 | 2,42 | 0,702 |
| Visit sometimes | 76 | 2,60 | 0,943 |
| N | 541 | 2,46 | 0,826 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp = .186 · not significant
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live here permanently | 397 | 3,58 | 0,927 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | 3,52 | 0,993 |
| Visit often | 54 | 3,68 | 0,959 |
| Visit sometimes | 76 | 3,83 | 1,071 |
| N | 541 | 3,62 | 0,954 |
Religious authority & groupsp < .001 · significant(d-a,b,c)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live here permanently | 398 | 3,61 | 0,683 |
| Live here in summer | 14 | 3,80 | 1,245 |
| Visit often | 53 | 3,83 | 0,747 |
| Visit sometimes | 75 | 3,27 | 0,900 |
| N | 540 | 3,59 | 0,753 |
75Religious education: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp < .001 · significant(a-b,c,d,e,f,g,h,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| No religious education | 15 | 4,38 | 0,966 |
| Self-taught | 46 | 4,62 | 0,621 |
| In the family | 85 | 4,74 | 0,524 |
| At the mosque | 161 | 4,90 | 0,288 |
| In religious groups | 16 | 4,96 | 0,108 |
| At a Qur'an course | 145 | 4,96 | 0,147 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 43 | 4,96 | 0,162 |
| At general institutions | 30 | 4,88 | 0,438 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | 5,00 | 0,000 |
| N | 548 | 4,86 | 0,397 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(a-d,e,f,g,h,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| No religious education | 15 | 3,32 | 0,986 |
| Self-taught | 46 | 3,67 | 0,887 |
| In the family | 86 | 3,68 | 0,837 |
| At the mosque | 161 | 4,01 | 0,721 |
| In religious groups | 16 | 4,27 | 0,669 |
| At a Qur'an course | 145 | 4,08 | 0,530 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 43 | 4,33 | 0,456 |
| At general institutions | 30 | 4,06 | 0,788 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | 4,61 | 0,412 |
| N | 549 | 3,97 | 0,735 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(a-d,e,f,g,k)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| No religious education | 14 | 2,95 | 0,959 |
| Self-taught | 46 | 2,51 | 0,773 |
| In the family | 86 | 2,74 | 0,789 |
| At the mosque | 161 | 2,42 | 0,808 |
| In religious groups | 16 | 2,08 | 0,869 |
| At a Qur'an course | 143 | 2,39 | 0,769 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 43 | 2,20 | 0,831 |
| At general institutions | 30 | 2,85 | 0,884 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | 1,40 | 0,317 |
| N | 546 | 2,47 | 0,827 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp = .001 · significant(e-a,c,d,f,h)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| No religious education | 14 | 3,85 | 0,893 |
| Self-taught | 46 | 3,50 | 0,794 |
| In the family | 86 | 3,70 | 0,879 |
| At the mosque | 161 | 3,65 | 0,943 |
| In religious groups | 16 | 3,00 | 1,102 |
| At a Qur'an course | 143 | 3,76 | 0,986 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 43 | 3,20 | 0,984 |
| At general institutions | 30 | 3,88 | 0,876 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | 3,00 | 0,922 |
| N | 546 | 3,63 | 0,952 |
Religious authority & groupsp = .003 · significant(g-a,b,c,e,f,h)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| No religious education | 15 | 3,20 | 1,125 |
| Self-taught | 46 | 3,51 | 0,890 |
| In the family | 86 | 3,42 | 0,756 |
| At the mosque | 160 | 3,71 | 0,688 |
| In religious groups | 16 | 3,43 | 0,640 |
| At a Qur'an course | 143 | 3,61 | 0,750 |
| At an imam-hatip high school | 42 | 3,88 | 0,652 |
| At general institutions | 30 | 3,32 | 0,793 |
| At a faculty of theology | 7 | 3,71 | 0,487 |
| N | 545 | 3,59 | 0,760 |
76Political outlook: Attitudes Toward Religious Life — One-Way ANOVA and LSD Results
Beliefp < .001 · significant(e-a,b,c,d,f,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 93 | 4,96 | 0,215 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | 4,94 | 0,198 |
| Nationalist | 89 | 4,85 | 0,393 |
| Islamist | 98 | 4,98 | 0,071 |
| Social democrat | 42 | 4,10 | 0,767 |
| Liberal | 12 | 4,36 | 0,691 |
| Other | 17 | 4,95 | 0,132 |
| N | 526 | 4,85 | 0,405 |
Worshipp < .001 · significant(e-a,b,c,d,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 94 | 4,33 | 0,579 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | 4,10 | 0,585 |
| Nationalist | 89 | 4,68 | 0,683 |
| Islamist | 98 | 4,30 | 0,505 |
| Social democrat | 42 | 2,94 | 0,751 |
| Liberal | 12 | 3,15 | 0,921 |
| Other | 17 | 3,59 | 0,832 |
| N | 527 | 3,98 | 0,741 |
Religious liberalisationp < .001 · significant(e-a,b,c,d,g,)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 94 | 2,26 | 0,733 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | 2,36 | 0,761 |
| Nationalist | 88 | 2,74 | 0,817 |
| Islamist | 97 | 2,09 | 0,698 |
| Social democrat | 42 | 3,30 | 0,578 |
| Liberal | 12 | 3,37 | 0,714 |
| Other | 17 | 2,83 | 1,079 |
| N | 525 | 2,47 | 0,831 |
Egalitarian tendenciesp < .001 · significant(a-b,c,d,e)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 94 | 3,28 | 1,126 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | 3,53 | 0,850 |
| Nationalist | 88 | 3,85 | 0,854 |
| Islamist | 97 | 3,66 | 1,037 |
| Social democrat | 42 | 4,03 | 0,628 |
| Liberal | 12 | 3,80 | 0,947 |
| Other | 17 | 3,76 | 1,110 |
| N | 525 | 3,61 | 0,958 |
Religious authority & groupsp < .001 · significant(d-b,c,e,f,g)
| Dimension | People | Mean | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | 93 | 3,77 | 0,700 |
| Nationalist-conservative | 175 | 3,62 | 0,655 |
| Nationalist | 88 | 3,52 | 0,783 |
| Islamist | 97 | 3,96 | 0,645 |
| Social democrat | 42 | 2,91 | 0,702 |
| Liberal | 12 | 3,02 | 0,958 |
| Other | 17 | 2,76 | 0,761 |
| N | 524 | 3,59 | 0,763 |
Colophon
- Thesis
- Sosyal Değişim Sürecinde Dini Hayat: Gerede Örneği
- Author
- Fatma Zehra Erdoğmuş
- Supervisor
- Prof. Dr. Halil Aydınalp
- Institution
- Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Programme
- Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri / Din Sosyolojisi
- Year
- 2019
- Baseline study
- Halil Aydınalp, Gerede’de Dini Hayat: Din Kurumu Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma (2004)
Citation
Erdoğmuş, Fatma Zehra. "Sosyal Değişim Sürecinde Dini Hayat: Gerede Örneği" [Religious Life in the Process of Social Change: The Case of Gerede]. Master’s thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, 2019.
About the data
Every number on this site was extracted programmatically from the thesis PDF and put through automated consistency checks. The 2004 comparisons were drawn from the prose; the source sentence for each is kept alongside the data.
Rights
The thesis and all findings within it belong to Fatma Zehra Erdoğmuş. The 2004 data comes from the study by Prof. Dr. Halil Aydınalp and is credited at every use.
Finding 3
Social life: trust in institutions is eroding
The sharpest change is neither in belief nor in worship, but in religion’s authority in the public sphere. Personal piety holds; the standing of religious institutions slips.
Trust in religious authority
Trust in the religious rulings of the Directorate of Religious Affairs fell from 78.5% to 70%. Those seeing a large role for religious groups in religious life fell from roughly 74% to 50%. Those who think family members failing their religious duties should be admonished fell from 96% to 85%.
This value was computed from the change reported in the text; rounding makes it approximate.
But not everything moves the same way
Against expectation, support for women having equal standing in all professions fell from 72% to 54.6%. Those seeing no harm in young people spending time together before marriage dropped 14 points. Meanwhile those who never consult a religious figure on non-religious matters fell from 43% to 15.5% — that is, clerics are consulted more in everyday life, not less.
This value was computed from the change reported in the text; rounding makes it approximate.
As the thesis puts it: the region feels change toward keeping traditional values alive and toward secularisation at the same time.
From the thesis
What is thought today
Each bar is one statement. The right side is agreement, the left disagreement, and the pale band in the middle is "no opinion".
The statement with the widest agreement
78.8% of the sample think money is steadily becoming the most important value in life. In a region where religious life is this strong, the widest consensus is reached on this sentence.
“Para giderek hayatta en büyük değer haline gelmektedir.”